{"id":14855,"date":"2015-09-02T18:09:05","date_gmt":"2015-09-02T18:09:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.toplumcudusunceenstitusu.org\/index.php\/2015\/09\/02\/political-psychology-of-peace-and-war-peace-as-a-psychological-need\/"},"modified":"2021-02-22T22:25:22","modified_gmt":"2021-02-22T19:25:22","slug":"political-psychology-of-peace-and-war-peace-as-a-psychological-need","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.toplumcudusunceenstitusu.org\/en\/political-psychology-of-peace-and-war-peace-as-a-psychological-need\/","title":{"rendered":"Political Psychology of Peace and War: Peace as a Psychological Need"},"content":{"rendered":"
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The common view is that Turkey is on the verge of civil war as well as war; in fact, the categorical distinction between a war and a civil war is fast fading in post-election Turkey where waging a full-fledged war in Syria has direct consequences and implications for the internal conflicts of domestic politics. While a minority of the commentators would claim that the war never ended, thus it never started (recently); the most common view is that the so-called \u2018solution process\u2019 or \u2018the peace process\u2019 which was marked by a series of publicized as well as mystified negotiations between a number of Kurdish actors and AKP politicians in power was a period of relative tranquility.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

In this period, politically-motivated killings were mostly on hold but with notably exceptions questioning whether it was truly a peace process (e.g. death of Kurdish teenagers as well as Gezi protestors) or not. In fact, it was more reasonable to denote it as a ceasefire whereby the guns were mostly kept silent, but the institutional transformations and reforms to secure safe passage from a ceasefire agreement to a genuine peace process were sadly missing. What were these transformations and reforms? These were about how to re-align educational system, security forces, legal structure, municipal services etc. according to the new social needs that emerged throughout the ceasefire process.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

From the very beginning, the two parties never trusted each other and waited for a surprising hostile move that put an end to \u2018the process\u2019. It can be stated that both sides had rational motivations behind this mistrust. One party to the conflict thought that \u2018the process\u2019 was just for show to lure the outer rings of voters which are not conservative such as liberals; whereas the other party, the government was not willing to go too far to the extent to satisfy the Kurdish political demands. Furthermore, \u2018the process\u2019 lost its appeal by the developments in the Syrian war where both sides gravitated towards a proxy war initially, and an unnamed direct confrontation.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

In other words, while the so-called \u2018peace process\u2019 was under development in Turkey, both sides of this process was fighting with each other in Syria. Nevertheless, \u2018the process\u2019 survived many attacks from both sides, just because it was a win-win situation, where both sides had expanded or hoped to expand their voter base and use this interim period of tranquility to prepare for the soon-to-come war period with a cyclical understanding of war and peace.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

One of the turning points was HDP\u2019s victory on 7 July 2015 elections which surprised and even shocked the AKP politicians. HDP voters expanding their support had thrown the presidential system that would be planned to be enforced by the imagined predominantly AKP-led post-election parliament (the dream was 400 AKP parliamentarians out of a total of 550 seats in the parliament) to the rubbish bin of history. \u2018Rubbish bin of history\u2019, a Marxist term is found to be\u00a0 only partially capable of characterizing this situation, because AKP\u2019s dream of the presidential system was a recycled (recurring) one, which means it can\u2019t be deleted forever.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Realizing that a great portion of Kurdish AKP supporters opted for HDP in the recent election and that a coalition with MHP, the mostly likely partner depends on complete denial of \u2018the peace process\u2019, AKP pressed for a chaos plan, whereby a civil-war-like atmosphere coupled with aerial attacks over Southern neighbors would be expected to force Turkish voters to believe that there is no solution other than AKP. Just like the economic crisis preceding the rise of AKP in 2002, the party needs a social and political crisis to be invited as a savior one more time by the voters. They want voters to believe that \u201cAKP era was better than this reign of terror; so it is better to vote for AKP again\u201d. We asked for an extension of a Marxist term above, but we have another Marxist expression which completely matches the reality: \u201c<\/i>History repeats itself, first as tragedy, then as farce\u201c<\/i>(Karl Marx, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon, 1852). AKP was an emerging party in 2002, associated with all the hopes tarnished by other parties; while now in 2015 it is an ailing party resorting to civil war and even war to secure its position. It was the \u201cdeus ex machina\u201c in 2002 tragedy, but a \u201cpersona non grata\u201c in 2015 farce.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

But then the question is: \u201cHow are all these related with psychology?\u201d Well, there are a number of ways to unlock the psychological mechanisms behind AKP\u2019s politics. For one thing, AKP\u2019s rise to power was associated with the perceptions and especially pessimistic views of economic crisis which in turn acted as a motivation for search for stability which was ironically and paradoxically promised by AKP, a party that vowed to propagate revanchist policies. Secondly, AKP utilized a set of political psychological tools since its first day such as scapegoating, projection, moral panic, self-victimization, tension strategy, polarization etc. Political figures can be analyzed on the basis of personality theories as well. The AKP followers can be investigated from a social psychological perspective referring to conceptualizations such as group psychology, just world hypothesis, system justification theory, attribution models, the notions of authoritarianism and social dominance etc. However, the anti-government reactions to recent Suru\u00e7 suicide-bombing (20 July 2015) which claimed 31 lives proved to be a sign of a far deeper and personalized link between politics and human psychology.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Since then, through these days of civil war and war, many of the anti-government citizens are more depressed and more anxious, while AKP-MHP supporters are busy with asking for more hostility to reset the country to the default settings, whereby AKP would be the one and the only one to reign, as in good old days. HDP will possibly be shut down as it is seen to be responsible for violence, and its parliamentarians will be banned of any political activity. Snap election, the government hopes, will bring AKP to power again. In such a heavily loaded atmosphere, HDP stands out as a militant defender of peace, as the party is in fact a project of the \u2018peace process\u2019. Without peace, Kurdish politics would not find democratic and legal grounds to express its cause. Civil war and war in their current forms attacks the raison d’\u00eatre of HDP. This notorious pair of war and civil war marginalizes and ultimately outlaws Kurdish politics, which doesn\u2019t mean anything other than escalation of violence each and every day.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

CHP-HDP supporters and other vocal critics of AKP government realize that this is clearly the Syrianization process which would not benefit anybody other than AKP government. They joke less, they laugh less, they talk less. The number of people who want to leave Turkey dramatically increased within a couple of days. This is a direct consequence of Suru\u00e7 bombing and upcoming news of violence associated with it. This is a clear case of a social trauma that primarily or secondarily traumatizes the survivors of the bombing as well as millions of sympathizers of the victims who were exposed to the scenes by media, social media or word of mouth. The society exhibits Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome, but this trauma is not discrete, it is rather continuous. We don\u2019t know whether the trauma ended and whether we are in the post-trauma stage or whether it has just started. In that sense, it resembles the prognosis of an economic crisis.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

7 June election results were greeted with joy and optimism which have been depleted in a short time, reminiscent of the disillusionment of Gezi Park protestors (2013) which expected that the government would resign sooner or later as a response to this greatest uprising ever in Turkish republican history. Anti-government victories bring power restorations, as the state apparatuses are self-learning machines responding to social unrest by new measures and regulations.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

During the Gezi Park protest days, some of the anti-government psychologists advised their depressed anti-government counselees to join the protests which were considered to be a \u2018natural cure\u2019 for depression. The healing effects of the protests were confirmed by the demonstrators. Nowadays it is more difficult to demonstrate on the streets of Istanbul. Even a basic demand like peace is criminalized. Anxiety disorders can be expected to get more prevalent as well, since \u201cwhat is next\u201d feeling coupled with deep pessimism is corroding the soul.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Human psyhology needs peace to restore its disturbed equilibrium. That is why peace is not only a political matter, but a psychological need (or we can even state that it is a hygiene factor, following Herzberg\u2019s theory), as somewhat conveyed by slain Chilean protest musician Victor Jara\u2019s song \u2018El derecho de vivir en paz\u2019 \/ \u2018The Right to Live in Peace\u2019 (https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=P0vPPuEJQLY<\/span><\/a>).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Further Readings on Political Psychology by the Author \u00a0(Mostly in Turkish)<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Gezgin, U.B. (2015). Bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l Bir Toplum \u0130\u00e7in Bar\u0131\u015f Psikolojisi. Biamag, 3 Ocak 2015.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/bianet.org\/biamag\/toplum\/161238-bariscil-bir-toplum-icin-baris-psikolojisi<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Gezgin, U.B. (2015). \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131, Demokratik Okul ve Anadilinde \u00d6\u011fretim i\u00e7in<\/p>\n

\u00c7okk\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fc E\u011fitim. Ankara: \u00dctopya.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Gezgin, U.B. (2015). Gezi\u2019nin Politik Psikolojisi: Psikolojik \u0130zlekler ve \u0130zlenmedikler. \u00c7ak\u0131r,<\/p>\n

Gencer \u00c7ak\u0131r and \u00d6zg\u00fcr Ba\u015fp\u0131nar Akt\u00fck\u00fcn (ed.). Gezi Tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131: \u0130syan\u0131n D\u00fcn\u00fc, Bug\u00fcn\u00fc ve<\/p>\n

Yar\u0131n\u0131 (s.200-218). Ankara: \u00dctopya Yay\u0131nevi.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Gezgin, U.B. (2015). AKP\u2019nin Politik Psikolojisi: Stratejiler ve Ara\u00e7lar. Kemal \u0130nal, Nuray<\/p>\n

Sancar ve Ula\u015f Ba\u015far Gezgin (ed.), Marka, Takva, Tu\u011fra. AKP D\u00f6neminde K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Politika<\/p>\n

(s.165-174). \u0130stanbul: Evrensel K\u00fclt\u00fcr Bas\u0131m Yay\u0131n.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Gezgin, U.B. (2015). Ermeni\u2019siz Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n Politik Psikolojisi: Politik Psikoloji A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan<\/p>\n

1915-2015 Parantezi. Ayd\u0131n \u00c7ubuk\u00e7u, Nevzat Onaran, C. Hakk\u0131 Zari\u00e7 ve Onur \u00d6zt\u00fcrk (ed.).<\/p>\n

Utan\u00e7 ve Onur: 1915-2015: Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 100. Y\u0131l\u0131 (s.171-178). \u0130stanbul: Evrensel<\/p>\n

Bas\u0131m Yay\u0131n.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Gezgin, U.B. (2014). The Political Psychology of the Gezi Resistance: From the Political<\/p>\n

Psychology of the Oppressor to the Political Psychology of the Oppressed. In U.B.Gezgin,<\/p>\n

K.Inal, & D.Hill (eds.). The Gezi Revolt. People’s Revolutionary Resistance against<\/p>\n

Neoliberal Capitalism in Turkey. Brighton: the Institute for Education Policy Studies (pp.166-173). http:\/\/www.amazon.co.uk\/Gezi-Revolt-Revolutionary-Resistance-Neoliberal\/dp\/095220424X<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Gezgin, U.B. (2014). B\u00fcy\u00fck Diktat\u00f6rle Politik Psikoloji. 16 May\u0131s 2014.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/dr_gezgin\/buyuk-diktatorle-politik-psikoloji<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Gezgin, U.B. (2014). Yerel Se\u00e7imler Sonras\u0131 Gezi Psikolojisi. Maden M\u00fchendisleri Odas\u0131<\/p>\n

\u0130stanbul \u015eubesi, 15 Nisan 2014.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.maden.org.tr\/genel\/bizden_detay.php?kod=9132&tipi=&sube=3<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.maden.org.tr\/resimler\/ekler\/f1e7cccd9aafad3_ek.pdf?tipi=2&turu=H&sube=3<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Gezgin, U.B. (2014). Sava\u015f\u0131n ve Bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n Psikolojisi: Psikolojik \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerin Ele\u015ftirisi. 18.<\/p>\n

Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi, 9-12 Nisan 2014, Bursa. http:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/dr_gezgin\/bar-psikolojisi<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Gezgin, U.B. (2014). 1 May\u0131s 2014 ve Solun Psikolojik Sermayesi. Bianet, 3 May\u0131s 2014.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/bianet.org\/biamag\/siyaset\/155416-1-mayis-2014-ve-solun-psikolojik-sermayesi<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Gezgin, U.B. (2014). Emine Erdo\u011fan\u2019a Amerika\u2019da Arma\u011fan Edilen Kitap:\u00a0 \u2018Diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn<\/p>\n

Psikolojisi\u2019 Kimleri Akl\u0131yor?\u00a0 Bianet, 26 Nisan 2014.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/bianet.org\/biamag\/siyaset\/155249-emine-erdogan-a-armagan-edilen-kitap-kimleri-akliyor<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Gezgin, U.B. (2014). 2014 Yerel Se\u00e7imi Sonras\u0131 Gezi Psikolojisi: \u201c% 43\u2019\u00fc Zor Tutuyoruz!\u201d<\/p>\n

Maden M\u00fchendisleri Odas\u0131, \u0130stanbul \u015eubesi. 21 Nisan 2014.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.maden.org.tr\/resimler\/ekler\/f1e7cccd9aafad3_ek.pdf?tipi=2&turu=H&sube=3<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Gezgin, U.B. (2013). Gezi Direni\u015finin Politik Psikolojisi: Ezenlerin Politik Psikolojisinden<\/p>\n

Ezilenlerin Politik Psikolojisine Do\u011fru. K. \u0130nal (der.). Gezi, \u0130syan, \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck: Soka\u011f\u0131n \u015eenlikli<\/p>\n

Muhalefeti i\u00e7inde. \u0130stanbul: Ayr\u0131nt\u0131. s.251-260.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.imge.com.tr\/product_info.php?products_id=136775<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Gezgin, U.B. (2013). Kent hareketlerinin sosyal psikolojisi. Bianet, 26 Kas\u0131m 2013.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/bianet.org\/bianet\/kent\/151589-kent-hareketlerinin-sosyal-psikolojisi<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Gezgin, U.B. (2013). Otoriterlik ile babal\u0131k birbirine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131nca. Bianet, 18 Kas\u0131m 2013.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/bianet.org\/bianet\/siyaset\/151384-otoriterlikle-babalik-birbirine-karistirilinca<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Gezgin, U.B. (2013). Anaak\u0131m Psikolojinin Ele\u015ftirisi: Direni\u015f ve Psikoloji. Biamag, 5 Ekim<\/p>\n

2013.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.bianet.org\/biamag\/siyaset\/150397-anaakim-psikolojinin-elestirisi-direnis-ve-psikoloji<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Gezgin, U.B. (2013). Politik Psikoloji Notlar\u0131: Siyasal \u015eiddet ve Gruplararas\u0131 \u0130li\u015fkiler. Bianet,<\/p>\n

25 Eyl\u00fcl 2013. http:\/\/www.bianet.org\/bianet\/siyaset\/150156-politik-psikoloji-notlari-siyasal-siddet-ve-gruplararasi-iliskiler<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Gezgin, U.B. (2013). Ana Hatlar\u0131yla Politik Psikoloji: Otorite, Liderlik ve \u0130deoloji. Evrensel<\/p>\n

Gazetesi, 15 Eyl\u00fcl 2013, http:\/\/www.evrensel.net\/news.php?id=67939<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Gezgin, U.B. (2013). Politik Psikoloji A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Direni\u015f ve Se\u00e7imler. Bianet, 10 Eyl\u00fcl 2013.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/bianet.org\/bianet\/siyaset\/149784-politik-psikoloji-acisindan-direnis-ve-secimler<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Gezgin, U.B. (2013). Direni\u015fin Politik Psikolojisi: Kalabal\u0131klar ve Kitleler. Bianet, 24<\/p>\n

A\u011fustos 2013. http:\/\/www.bianet.org\/biamag\/siyaset\/149395-direnisin-politik-psikolojisi-kalabaliklar-ve-kitleler<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Gezgin, U.B. (2013). Direni\u015fin Psikolojisi: Kibir Sendromu Tezi Asl\u0131nda Neleri \u00d6rt\u00fcyor?<\/p>\n

Bianet, 20 Haziran 2013. http:\/\/bianet.org\/bianet\/siyaset\/147757-direnisin-psikolojisi-kibir-sendromu-tezi-neleri-ortuyor<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Gezgin, U.B. (2013). Gezi Direni\u015fi sonras\u0131 ezilenlerin psikolojisi. Bianet, 9 Haziran 2013.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/bianet.org\/bianet\/siyaset\/147384-gezi-direnisi-sonrasi-ezilenlerin-psikolojisi<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Gezgin, U.B. (2013). Liderin psikopatolojisi. Karayaz\u0131 Edebiyat Dergisi, say\u0131 24, Ekim-Aral\u0131k<\/p>\n

2013.<\/p>\n

Yaz\u0131n\u0131n orjinalini g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in reflectionsTurkey<\/span><\/a> sayfas\u0131n\u0131 ziyaret edin<\/p>\n

Makalenin orjinal linki<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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The common view is that Turkey is on the verge of civil war as well as war; in fact, the categorical distinction between a war and a civil war is..<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":16393,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[565],"tags":[548,595,605,606,607,604,603],"class_list":["post-14855","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politics","tag-akp-en","tag-chp-en","tag-gezi-hareketi-en","tag-hdp-en","tag-mhp-en","tag-peace-and-war","tag-political-psychology"],"yoast_head":"\nPolitical Psychology of Peace and War: Peace as a Psychological Need - Toplumcu D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.toplumcudusunceenstitusu.org\/en\/political-psychology-of-peace-and-war-peace-as-a-psychological-need\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Political Psychology of Peace and War: Peace as a Psychological Need - 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